John Locke: A Presentation Essay

rear end Locke wrote on numerous subjects. An adjudicate Concerning Human Understanding is mostly most knowlight-emitting diodege, reality and disposition in philosophical system, and is a major classic in all those fields. He too wrote a major classic of political philosophy, Essay on Civil government, along with major works on religion, cultivation and economics. Friday, celestial latitude 3, 2010 CHARLES II OF ENGLAND (1630-1685) CLAIMED ABSOLUTE caterS, BUT WAS RESTRAINED IN use THEM. THE TEXT BELOW THE PICTURE REFERS TO CHARLES WORK AS admirer OF THE SCIENCES.LOCKES POLITICAL conception WAS DIRECTED AGAINST ABSOLUTISM AND HIS ETHICAL THOUGHT HAS A RELATED mortalISM. Friday, celestial latitude 3, 2010 He had a great cognition of the scientific discipline of the time, as he met the leading scientists as a student and lad of the University of Oxford Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke. His philosophical approach reflected a lust to provide a satisf modus oper andiory philosophical framework for the experimental sciences. His approach checked a British Empiricist tradition, which puts carry out at the centre of philosophy, a tradition which previously included Francis Bacon and doubting Thomas Hobbes.Friday, celestial latitude 3, 2010 JAMES II OF ENGLAND (1633-1701). REIGNED FROM 1685-1688 JAMES UNDERMINED HIS POSITION IN trinity YEARS BY TAKING HIS CLAIMS TO ABSOLUTE POWERS TOO FAR AND t vegetable oil rough TO GIVE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH MORE RIGHTS AND POWERS IN BRITAIN. LEADING TO THE parliamentary GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Friday, declination 3, 2010 Locke had teaching positions at Oxford in classical and Rhetoric, barely preferred to be a doctor, as the university atmosphere at that time was non the best for new desires in philosophy, or link up ideas in religion and politics.His flavor as a doctor led him towards (or reinforced) the early(a) interests he developed, as he became a doctor to Anthony Ashley make, who afterwards be came the first Earl of Shaftesbury. Friday, declination 3, 2010 THE RIGHT TO RESIST AN OPPRESSIVE EXECUTIVE WILLIAM OF chromatic (DUTCH PRINCE MARRIED TO THE HEIR TO THE face monarchY) SETS SAILS FOR ENGLAND AT THE INVITATION OF THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT WHICH cherished ASSISTANCE IN RESISTING THE RULE OF JAMES II Friday, declination 3, 2010 Shaftesbury was a prominent figure in Whig politics of the time.The Whig party was genius of d bad political receiveds in Parliament at that time, the other was the Tories. The Whigs were more validatory of parliament, less supportive to the power of the monarchy, and closer to the major economic enterprises of the time. Friday, declination 3, 2010 THIS PAINTING SHOWS WILLIAM III AND MARY BEING CROWNED JOINT MONARCHS OF ENGLAND later THE FLIGHT OF JAMES II IN 1688. THE TEXT REFERS TO THE BILL OF RIGHTS OF 1689 WHICH ENSURED THAT further PARLIAMENT COULD PASS uprightnessS AND RAISE TAXES. LOCKES POLITICAL THOUGHT IS almost ASSOCIATED WITH THIS REVOLUTION, MAKING HIS ETHICS CONNECTED.Friday, celestial latitude 3, 2010 As a radically disposed(p) Whig, cooper was close to the most anti-monarchist circles at a time, when English kings were difficult to establish absolute royal power. In an atmosphere of conspiracy and accusation, Cooper spent time in prison forrader the 1688 Glorious Revolution, which realized parliamentary power under a new king. Locke sh ared Coopers politics, and had to spend time in exile in the Netherlands, where he had the opportunity to extend his knowledge of new philosophical, scientific, and political ideas. Friday, celestial latitude 3, 2010LOCKE THOUGHT THERE SHOULD BE AN INDEPENDENT LEGISLATIVE BODY IN A CIVIL GOVERNMENT. HIS BELIEF IN A POLITICS OF A carry UNDER LAW REFLECTS A BELIEF IN INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, AND THE INDIVIDUAL FOUNDATION OF ETHICS ENGLISH PARLIAMENT (1610) Friday, December 3, 2010 Locke went beyond a position as Coopers doctor and worked with Cooper in all his inte rests. This included a government Board to promote village and trade in the Carolinas (what are now the US body politics of North and south-central Carolina). Locke served as the Secretary, and his role included writing, or at least fighting(a) in, the writing of the Constitution of the Carolinas.Friday, December 3, 2010 LOCKES PLACE OF BIRTH WRINGTON, SOMERSET, ENGLAND A VILLAGE IN RURAL SOUTH-WEST ENGLAND Friday, December 3, 2010 Lockes philosophy in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is empiricist (based on experience). Locke defines the simplest possible experiences, which he thinks is what enters our forefront before the intellectual creates complex and abstract ideas. What we experience, before the mind transforms simple experience into all that we find in the mind, is simple ideas. Friday, December 3, 2010.MAP OF seventeenth CENTURY ENGLAND LOCKES HOME COUNTY OF SOMERSET IS IN THE SOUTHWEST BELOW WALES. THE MAP REFERS TO THE MID-CENTURY CIVIL WAR BETWEEN MONARCH AND PARLIAMENT. LOCKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LATER TRIUMPH OF PARLIAMENT IN 1689. Friday, December 3, 2010 Simple ideas lessen both from sensation and from the reflection of the mind on itself. These ideas are the starting time point for knowledge for Locke, and for every intimacy else in the mind, including our ground of well-grounded and evil. Our ideas of secure and evil mother it off from simple ideas of cheer and annoying.That is ideas which come from sensations, which we so-and-sonot describe, or define, in whatever way, other than to say that they are botherful or pleasurable. Friday, December 3, 2010 PENSFORD A LARGER TOWN IN RURAL SOMERSET, WHERE LOCKES FAMILY MOVED briefly AFTER HIS BIRTH Friday, December 3, 2010 Our passions depend completely on sport and botheration. When we reflect on how joyousness or pain modifies our mind, we create the ideas of our passions. look on delight produces love the approximation of pain produces hatred. Friday, December 3, 2010 rightful(prenominal) OUTSIDE PENSFORD WHERE LOCKE WAS BROUGHT UP.BELLUTON Friday, December 3, 2010 Absence of some issue, which is the source of something, which gives us diversions causes us an squeamishness. That uneasiness is the source of desire. Uneasiness, and the desire it creates, are good things because they lead us to act and work in order to bond our objects of desire. Friday, December 3, 2010 WESTMINISTER SCHOOL, capital of the United Kingdom LOCKE attend THIS FAMOUS HIGH SCHOOL Friday, December 3, 2010 Joy is the delight of the mind from considering a present good, or a good that we are genuine of having.A man who is starving has joy from food even before he eats it, which is an example of joy in its uphold aspect. The set more or less who has delight in the well-being of his children, has this delight all the time that his children are in that state, by reflecting on that state (which affectms to be part of the second aspect of joy for Locke). Friday, D ecember 3, 2010 17TH CENTURY VIEW OF LONDON PAINTED BY NICOLAES JANSZ VISSCHER Friday, December 3, 2010 Sorrow is the uneasiness, which comes from thinking of a good we have lost, but might have enjoyed for longer.Sorrow also comes from the palpate of an evil present to us. Again the passion comes from either the presence of something, or something in the mind, but in this case from remembering what is lost, not anticipating something that pull up stakes happen. Friday, December 3, 2010 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE WHERE LOCKE WAS STUDENT, EVENTUALLY QUALIFYING AS A DOCTOR UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Friday, December 3, 2010 Hope is a passion completely laced to expectation. It is the pleasure, which comes from expecting something that gives us delight. Fear is also directed to expectation, but expectation of an anticipate evil.Friday, December 3, 2010 JOHN LOCKE Friday, December 3, 2010 Anger and envy have a particular place in the passions caused by pleasure and pain, because they involve reference to ourselves, and to others, which is escapeing in other passions. In anger, I want retaliation against someone who caused me pain in envy I want something that someone else has. Not all people feel anger and envy, because though everyone feels pleasure and pain, not everyone has this re sue to other people. Friday, December 3, 2010 first-year EARL OF SHAFTESBURY LOCKES PATRON ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER Friday, December 3, 2010Pleasure and pain, delight and uneasiness, do not near come from the bodily pain and pleasure. They also come the delight, or uneasiness, that come from welcome and unwelcome sensation, or reflection. Locke thinks it is necessary to emphasise that pain and pleasure are not just in the body, and goes on to emphasise that pain comes from lessening of pleasure, and that pleasure comes from lessening of pain. Friday, December 3, 2010 doubting Thomas SYDENHAM (1624-1689) THE FATHER OF ENGLISH MEDICINE/ THE ENGLISH HIPPOCRATES TAUGHT MEDICINE TO LOCKE DID study WORK ON THE obtuse PLAGUE AND THE GENERAL METHODS OF MEDICINE.A MAJOR INFLUENCE ON LOCKE. Friday, December 3, 2010 at that place is a simple idea of power, which comes from the way that things bring roughly changes or are changed by other things. Where we see that some thing brings almost some regular change in some other thing, we have the idea of an active power and where we see that some thing regularly has changes brought out by some other thing, we have the idea of passive power. The idea of power does not come clearly from a source outside ourselves, since the power is something we infer from out sensations, it is not something we sense directly.Friday, December 3, 2010 REPUBLI female genitaliaS AND SUPPORTERS OF PARLIAMENTARY POWER CONSPIRED TO KILL KING CHARLES II AND HIS pal JAMES, DUKE OF YORK (THE FUTURE JAMES II) ON THEIR WAY BACK TO LONDON, IN 1683. THE breakthrough OF THE PLOT LED TO SEVERE REPRESSION OF OPP integrityNTS OF ABSOLUTISM. COOPER WAS ARRESTED, LOCKE FLED TO THE NETHERLANDS RYE abode, HODDESON, HERTFORSHIRE Friday, December 3, 2010 We get the idea of power most directly from reflection on our minds. We mountain observe a power, which controls the order of our ideas and our exercises, inside the mind. That power is the will. Friday, December 3, 2010.MAJOR ENGLISH REPUBLICAN THINKER AND ACTIVIST, ARRESTED AND EXECUTED AFTER THE RYE HOUSE PLOT ALGERNON SYDNEY (1623-1683) Friday, December 3, 2010 The performance of an action, or our forbearance (putting up with) of action from outside, which comes from a command of the mind, is where we have the voluntary. Where such a command is wanting(p), the action/ forbearance is involuntary as the will was not doing anything. Locke is now pitiful into questions of cease will and de end pointinism in human action, which itself brings up questions of how much(prenominal) moralistic responsibility, and choice, we have.Friday, December 3, 2010 SAYS GOOD BYE TO HIS FAMILY JUST BEFORE H IS EXECUTION IN friendship WITH THE RYE HOUSE PLOT. may HAVE BEEN EXECUTED AS A POLITICAL MEASURE RATHER THAN FOR ANY GENUINE CONNECTION WITH THE PLOT. A LEADER OF THE COUNTRY PARTY, LATER KNOWN AS WHIGS WILLIAM RUSSELL, maestro RUSSELL (1639-83) Friday, December 3, 2010 The will is a module, or power, of the mind, which comes under another faculty. That is the faculty of understanding, which is the power of perception. The power of perception is how we perceive ideas, signs, relations between ideas.Friday, December 3, 2010 HOBBES WAS AN EARLIER ENGISH EMPIRICIST. HE IS BEST KNOWN FOR HIS IDEAS ABOUT POLITICS WHICH crack LIBERAL INDIVIDUALISTIC AND LAW GOVERNED ELEMENTS AS IN LOCKE, BUT in addition A STRONGER NOTION OF STATE AUTHORITY AND A PREFERENCE FOR MONARCHY. THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) Friday, December 3, 2010 The ideas of liberty and necessity (free will and determinism) comes from perceiving our power to act or forbear. In this case, Locke is making free will/liberty pri mary in relation to necessity/determinism.Liberty is the power of the will over ideas and actions, and we have liberty where we have complete command there is necessity where we lack such complete power, and this can be case even where we have thought, volition, will. Friday, December 3, 2010 THE FRONT PAGE OF HOBBES MOST important THE GIANT REPRESENTS THE POWER OF THE STATE tidings LEVIATHAN (1660) NECESSARY TO DEFEND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND LAW. Friday, December 3, 2010 The term voluntary is to be opposed to the term involuntary, not to necessity. It maybe that we are in a place we want to be, but we are not able to leave.The fact that we are there is voluntary, because we want to be there, but it is a situation in which we lack liberty to change the situation. There are situations which are both voluntary and necessary ( rigid, lacking in free will). Friday, December 3, 2010 NATHANIEL CULVERWELL (1619-1651) THEOLOGIAN AND PHILOSOPHER. A LEADING EARLY 17TH CENTURY ETHICAL THINKER, WHO INFLUENCED LOCKE THOUGH FROM A DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEW, THE raw(a) LAW TRADITION GOING BACK TO ARISTOTLE IN WHICH ETHICAL LAWS CAN BE FOUND IN OUR NATURE Friday, December 3, 2010 We are lacking in liberty (free will), where we cannot control our thought and ideas.Examples of this include waking up in the morning when we find our ideas do not follow our will, and the exclusive being tortured who cannot escape from the idea of pain. An individual is a free agent only when freed of such constraints on ideas in the mind. Friday, December 3, 2010 RICHARD CUMBERLAND (1631-1718) PHILOSOPHER AND BISHOP. ONE OF THE MAJOR ETHICAL THINKERS OF LOCKES TIME, THOUGH NOT WIDELY assume NOW. AM STRONG ADVOCATE OF cancel LAW, WHO INFLUENCED CONTINENTAL THINKING. HE alike INFLUENCED UTILITARIANISM WITH HIS BELIEF THAT NATURAL LAW SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BECAUSE IT MAXIMISES BENEFITS TO HUMANITYFriday, December 3, 2010 We should not say that the will has freedom (though since Locke it has become no rmal to talk about free will). Freedom is an attribute, or property, as is will. Attributes or properties, conk to a substance which in thus case is an agent (the individual person). Freedom and will are two attributes/properties of an agent. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 leave is the ability to prefer, or choose, and that is something that characterises what is voluntary, and is not a characteristic of freedom.The will and the understanding to not act on each other, the power of thinking is not the same thing as the power of choice. Friday, December 3, 2010 CUMBERLANDS European INFLUENCE IS CONFIRMED BY 1744 THIS TRANSLATION OF ON NATURAL LAW. THE TRANSLATOR IS JEAN BARBEYRAC (1674-1744), HIMSELF A MAJOR FIGURE IN NATURAL LAW. Friday, December 3, 2010 Willing/volition is an action, freedom is a power of performing or not acting. Willing follows upon a thought, a preference, in our mind, and it is that thought which is free, not the act which follows from it. F reedom is where we can act on our preference. Friday, December 3, 2010.RALPH CUDWORTH (1617-88) CUDWORTH WAS A PHILOSOPHER AND CHURCH MINISTER, WHO PREACHED SERMONS AT THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. HE WAS CONNECTED WITH THE INFLUENTIAL CAMBRIDGE PLATONISTS, AND HAD A RATIONALIST BASIS FOR ETHICS. LIKE THE OTHER ETHICISTS OF THE TIME, HE WAS A LATITUDINARIAN, THAT IS HE ADVOCATED A STATE CHURCH OF TOLERANCE AND liberality Friday, December 3, 2010 The will is moved by desire, and desire is moved by unease. Unease is the result of the lack of an object that brings about pleasure. It is lack which brings about desire, because the pain of not having something outweighs the positive good of having something.Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 It is desire which determines the will, not good or evil. Most of our life is determined by desire reacting to the unease of lack, which has much more influence on us that good and evil, though these are sometimes present in the mind. trial a nd happiness are the extreme states of pain and pleasure. Friday, December 3, 2010 LADY DAMARIS (CUDWORTH) MASHAM (1658-1708) LOCKE form A ROMANTIC ATTACHMENT WITH THE DAUGHTER OF RALPH CUDWORTH IN 1682. THIS WAS INTERRUPTED BY LOCKES EXILE IN THE NETHERLANDS.SHE MARRIED SIR FRANCIS MASHAM AND LOCKE BECAME A ratiocination maven OF BOTH ON HIS RETURN. SHE IS THE FIRST PUBLISHED WOMAN PHILOSOPHER IN BRITAIN, WITH VIEWS CLOSE TO HER FATHER Friday, December 3, 2010 Our desires are mostly controlled by comparisons between pleasure and pain, in which we try to minimise pain. This has more influence over us than the positive idea of the good of reward in the afterlife, or of ideas of good and evil. Our life is dominated by the desire to avoid unease some unease comes from natural sources, like hunger and thirst, and is then multiplied by the education and fashions of human life.Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 Someone who is completely quenched with the condition of lif e has no uneasiness, is not disturbed by anything. Everyone can see that this must be the case, and that in these circumstances we have no will towards anything, except to remain in that state. Locke suggests that only pain makes us do anything. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 It is God, the all-wise maker the pain of hunger, thirst and other natural desires. Te pain, and the desire to end the pain, is what makes us do things.The actions that follow from this, protect the lives of he individuals who act, and the human species as a whole. Thinking about good ends, for individuals and humanity, does not make us act, on its own. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 If just thinking about good ends made us do anything, we would not need pain. So it looks like God gave us pain to make us improve ourselves, and humanity as a whole. Locke quotes St capital of Minnesota (originally Saul of Tarsus), whose letters form part of the New Testament of the Bible, and who was one of the main shapers of early Christianity. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010.Locke quotes one of Pauls most famous sayings (in Letters to Corinthians, Book 7, Verse 9), it is better to bond than burn. That is, it is better to marry than to be obsessed with desire. Lockes intimation is that God moves us to the morally desirable state of marriage which also ensures the continuation of the human race, through desires which are painful if not satisfied. Avoiding the pain is a bigger influence on our actions than the idea of marriage. Friday, December 3, 2010 princely ACADEMY LONDON Friday, December 3, 2010 Trying to avoid a current pain is a much bigger motive for us than the bank of a future pleasure.People only try to escape from scantness when they are disturbed by the situation, and not because they think it might be more pleasurable than the pleasure they already have in their lives. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 Locke looks at moral motivation itself. We are not motived to virtuousness because we think about it and see it as good. We act from virtue, when we are extensive with the desire to be righteous, and feel uncomfortable at lacking a high state of righteousness. This is religious language, or being righteous in the eyes of God, which Locke translates into moral reasoning.Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 Even an alcoholic, who is destroying his wealth and life through swallow, is unwilling to give up the pleasures of drinking in a bar with his friends. The alcoholic knows he risks his health and money, and may even emit to enter heaven in the next life (as Locke suggests indirectly). He knows that drink and chat in the bar is a lesser good than what he is losing, but he cannot bear to lose his present pleasure. Friday, December 3, 2010 Werner Horvath John Locke. Color pencils on paper, 32 x 24 cm, Crete 1999 (left) and John Locke, oil on canvas, 50 x 40 cm, Crete.Friday, December 3, 2010 Mere knowledge of the good in life, and in the next live, cannot influence our actions. The same enigma applies to everything to do with the next life. Knowledge that we should act in certain ship canal to be rewarded by God in the future, has a very short influence on our actions. It is present conditions which influence us. Our will cannot direct us to future states, however great the good that we may win or lose in the future. Friday, December 3, 2010 Friday, December 3, 2010 Current uneasiness, that is pain, influences us much more deeply than an infinite good in the future.We can see this in the behaviour of someone who is passionately in love. The pain of not having the person, who is loved, is a physical pain, as is the desire for revenge. It is physical pain which influences us. Friday, December 3, 2010 TWO TREATISE OF GOVERNMENT (1690) A BOOK CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION. THE FIRST TREATISE IS AN ATTACK ON THE MONARCHICAL ABSOLUTIST ROBERT FILM ER. THE SECOND TREATISE IS AN ESSAY ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT, THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PART. HERE LOCKE SAYS WE HAVE NATURAL RIGHTS, WHICH MAY CONFLICT WITH HIS EMPIRICISM IN THE ESSAY Friday, December 3, 2010.One hassle that is sometimes raised with Lockes ethics and philosophy, is that there may be a contradiction between his view of the mind as determined by present sensations, and his view of natural rights in politics. In The Essay Concerning Civil Government, Locke argues that we have rights before government emerges. Friday, December 3, 2010 BOOK BY LOCKE IN THE ITU program library Friday, December 3, 2010 In a state of nature, without government, Locke suggests that we have rights to preserve our life, have liberty from other peoples interference, and keep our possessions.Governments are formed to make those rights better protected. If Locke thinks our morality comes from reaction to sensation, there is a question of how we have rights belonging to all macrocosm at all times rega rdless of context. Friday, December 3, 2010 THIS IS IN series DESIGNED TO BE READ BY STUDENTS LOWE IS A PROFESSOR OF philosophy AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM, ENGLAND BOOK IN ITU LIBRARY Friday, December 3, 2010 Related books by John Locke Most important book related to ethics, Two Treatises on Government, particularly the Second Treatise, Essay on Civil Government. Also.A Letter concerning Toleration. Friday, December 3, 2010 BOOK IN ITU LIBRARY RELATED TO ETHICS IN LOCKE AND LATER BRITISH PHILOSOPHER. THE SHAFTESBURY REFERRED TO WAS THE GRANDSON ON LOCKES PATRON, THE EARL OF SHAFTESBURY. CAREY TEACHES AT THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND IN GALWAY. Friday, December 3, 2010 Books on Locke (in the ITU library) Routledge Philosophy pathfinder to Locke on Human Understanding, by E. J. Lowe. Routledge Philosophhy Guidebook to Locke on Government, by D. A. Lloyd Thomas. (E-version) Friday, December 3, 2010 PHOTOGRAPH THE END RICHARD ROBERTS Friday, December 3, 2010.