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The Vietnam War and the War on Terror - 1833 Words

During times of conflict, leaders of the executive branch tend to be able to use their military, diplomatic, and executive powers more freely and face a lesser degree of opposition than is the norm. Similarly, Congress is noticeably more productive and works well with the president and their co-legislators during such circumstances. This phenomenon was observed in the early stages of the War on Terror following the events of September 11, 2001 as well as during the Vietnam War. In this research paper several factors will be considered in comparing the powers of the presidency and Congressional powers during the two wars named, ranging from the presidents during each, to public opinion, as well as the change in each of these aspects over time. One must also consider the differences in the methods of warfare used. In the conclusion, these factors together will tell us which branch of government reigned supreme during each of the two wars discussed. The Vietnam War has been highly analy zed from every angle in the years since it ended. Not surprisingly, the War on Terror has seen a similar amount of analysis due to the turmoil it put the country in, as well as the lasting effects of the catalyzing event that started it, September 11, 2001. Ending in 1975, the Vietnam War lasted 18 years while the War on Terror has continued since 9/11 for only 12, smaller by comparison but still a considerably long time. Both wars lasted through multiple presidencies; President Eisenhower madeShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War On Terror Essay1837 Words   |  8 PagesWith over 58,000 American lives and over a million Vietnamese lives lost and $5 billion spent, the Vietnam War (1964-1971) was America’s longest, least popular and one of its most expensive wars. With that said, it did provide valuable lessons going forward, lessons still relevant to today. Especially with the rise of Islamic extremism and subsequent ‘war on terror’, lessons like the value of underst anding local culture, being aware of long and short-term goals together, as well as having accurateRead MoreThe Justification Of War And The Vietnam War792 Words   |  4 PagesJustification of War War has been a part of the United States for over one hundred year’s beginning with World War I. The United States citizens have been engrossed in the thought, â€Å"Is war justified?† The two war that are being focused on in this paper are The Afghanistan War and the Vietnam War. It both wars could have had a peaceful protest to overcome the conflict at hand or have a meeting to talk about communism in the Vietnam War or Terrorism in the Afghan War. The right time for war is a fine lineRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was Devastating Time For Not Just America1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War was devastating time for not just America, but worldwide. This War lead to 1 million, four hundred and fifty thousand casualties from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. This devastating number only increased when you also take into account the other side, the Americans, with more than 50,000 casualties. One may argue that a major reason the Vietnam War occurred was due to the disagreem ent between the Soviet Reds and the Great Uncle Sam after World War 2. The Reds wanted to spread communismRead MoreTerrorism During The Vietnam War826 Words   |  4 Pagesthreats. Throughout Vietnam’s long history, there have been many cases of terrorism. During the Vietnam War, the US and other western nations committed many atrocious acts of terror against the Vietnamese population. In 1968, one of the worst acts of terrorism, the My Lai Massacre, occurred in Vietnam. This atrocious act was committed by the US. According to one American soldier during the Vietnam War, â€Å"In the ambushes we killed anything or anybody and a lot of those were VC.† The soldier continuedRead MoreSocial Commentary On Hollywood War Films1282 Words   |  6 PagesHIST2033-001 10 November 2015 Social Commentary in Hollywood War Films Hollywood film is a powerful twentieth century art form that has provided entertainment and social commentary since its creation. Film can be used to portray history on the silver screen. Directors can use their films to portray social commentary about current issues. A popular social issue throughout history is war. Directors can use their war films to promote pro-war or anti-war movements. Films have the ability to influence the publicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night By Elie Wiesel1017 Words   |  5 Pagesand when war occurs people tend to take on more responsibility than ever before. The United States is a prime example of making the world’s problems their own. When problems arise people step up and take responsibility. Like in the quote from Elie Wiesel, human suffering really is everyone’s problem. In war and times of conflict, America has intervened because they believe that it is their problem to try and solve. This is evident through speeches in World War I, propaganda in World War II, lettersRead MoreCore Values And The War On Terror1749 Words   |  7 Pages Core Values and the War on Terror As I think back to the many military leaders who have taken the world stage. Not many leaders standout that have inspired or influence soldiers. Many have tried to put an end to the war on terror but have failed. The face of terror was first Al Qaeda when Osama bin Laden was relevant. Now the face on terror has a new name it s called ISIS. Everyone who was old enough to remember remembers exactly where he or she was when the two planes hit the twin towers in NewRead MorePtsd, The Price Of Freedom785 Words   |  4 Pagessounds, and terror of combat. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) affects thousands of American veterans each year. Is PTSD simply a weakness, or is it an epidemic? Though historically, the validity of PTSD has been argued, the pain is real, and there is a diagnosis to prove it. Combat-related PTSD stems from witnessing the suffering and death of others, and the exposure of destruction, personal danger, and injury. Heightened risk may also result from a soldier’s specific role in war. One studyRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1244 Words   |  5 PagesBoos echoed throughout the streets of Harlem, New York in great waves of disapproval. Hippies holding up signs supporting peace, and posters opposing the Vietnam War, otherwise known as the Cold War, greeted the tired and injured soldiers. The familiarity of their hometown created a sense of peace and warmth, despite the angry cries of protest from the enraged nonconformists. As loved ones embraced their fighters, chants of outrage broke out from the hippies, and the soldiers, relieved to be homeRead MoreThe Trump Of Conscience By Martin Luther King Jr.960 Words   |  4 Pageswhat soldiers face in war. It is difficult to explain and understand the reality of war when not experienced. For example, in Er nest Hemingways’ story â€Å"Soldiers Home,† civilians did not understand the internal damage the main character, Krebs, had to face when he came back home from war. After experiencing the worst event in his life, nothing was normal anymore. Whereas, in the speech â€Å"The Trump of Conscience† by Martin Luther King Jr., he demonstrates not only the terror, but the unequal treatment

Leadership Analysis Essay Example For Students

Leadership Analysis Essay Leadership has always been a key to my success in life. In today’s business world, effective leadership at all levels is required. I use the same concepts in leading my family, as I do in my business and church. Leadership does make a difference. For example, my daughter is required to take a leadership class at the freshman level of high school. It is my desire that through this course I will be able to use the research findings about leadership to improve my own leadership style. In this paper, I wish to discuss the concepts of anti-dieting, the four dimensions of Steven Covey, and Dressing for success. Part of my five-year goal is to become disciplined in the management of my physical body. I realize that with out good physical health, today’s leaders can not stand up to the challenges of corporate life. I have learned that weight does not matter, but the amount of body fat is what counts. I currently am not disciplined in this area. I am convinced that by lowering the amount of fat and increasing the lean muscle mass of my body will help make me a better leader in today’s corporate world. I must eat strategically to boost my business stamina, creativity, and productivity. Currently I do not eat strategically. I do not make time for a small, nutritious breakfast each day. I have learned to better myself I must do this every day. Eating small meals like an apple every two hours or so throughout the day to keep my energy up. I plan to tap into my body’s survival instincts and force it to realize that it does not need to store fat against famine. I believe that my body will then operate at a higher metabolic rate and burn fat faster. I hope to build a pattern that will keep me fit and give me a total lifestyle change. I have learned from the six principles of anti-dieting that there will be backsliding. I hope to surround my self with the most positive people, who will encourage me to stay on track, as I will continue to encourage them. I have a problem with high stress levels now. I have learned that stress can be positive because it is energy expenditure in all its forms. I know that avoiding stress reverses functional capacity and seeking stress will help me reach my highest potential. With the new knowledge I have gained from this class, I know that stress only becomes dangerous when it is not balanced by appropriate and adequate recovery. Calorie counting will no longer be the way I diet. I will enjoy eating healthy foods because recovery means recapturing energy. Adequate sleep is at the top of my recovery list. Nutrition comes in second, with the use of plenty of clean water to flush the toxins out of my body. Exercise will provide an outlet for my stress, while allowing me to sweat the poisons out of my system. Exercise does improve my performance at work and with my family. I hope by using the concepts that I will be more energetic, effective, and creative. While reading some of Steven Covey’s works I realized that his four dimensions have always been a part of my life. The concept of Security has helped me reflect on my identity, sense of self worth, and self esteem. The in class testing of my OML class has reflected what I already know. It showed me that I was well rounded, and a natural born leader. I have learned that I do need improvement in many areas of my life. Now I will begin working on improving my self. Guidance is something everyone needs. I realize my immediate need for a suitable mentor. Over the years, my mentors have been rare. Through the concepts of remapping oneself, I have accomplished things such as financial security. A current weakness I am working on is finance. I appear to be somewhat of an extremist. I am dominant in most of my daily activities. I am working on listening to others more, thinking before I speak, while constantly observing my surroundings to improve myself. Wisdom is what I learn from my elders and the previous mentors I have mentioned. I am working on my sense of balance by learning to understand the various parts and principles of my education relate to each other in my life. My education is showing me how to follow the sensitive, practical approach to reality. .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a , .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a .postImageUrl , .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a , .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a:hover , .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a:visited , .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a:active { border:0!important; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a:active , .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u96238ddf97dbf4df56e2b1156952797a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition EssayDressing for success is still truly alive and well. Over the years, I have worked for the Boeing Company on the factory floor. Due to the nature of my work, I have always worn my oldest clothing, so that I would not ruin my good clothing on the job. I have owned work clothes and dress cloths. This has gone one step further into my private life. I have become far too lax in my personal dress code at family, social, and school events. I deem this a business weakness. In a Leadership skill building exercise I took out of our textbook, I found this a business weakness of mine. To improve this business flaw, I have started reading the men’s fashion magazin es and articles in popular business publications. I now know how to begin marketing myself for that leadership position I want with a world class company after graduation. Business Essays

Communication Museum Exhibition Design †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Museum Exhibition Design. Answer: Introduction The image of a museum curator may make it appear like as an easy job but on the surface level, a museum curator is expected to shoulder multiple responsibilities. As a museum curator of the Two Rivers Gallery, I am purporting to organize a special exhibition. The selected theme for the exhibition is paintings from the Renaissance period (fourteenth century to seventeenth century). According to Bonds, the destructive phase of the Dark ages was followed by the resurgence in art, literature, paintings and creative thoughts that came to be widely known as the Renaissance Period. Renaissance in Europe gave birth to a distinctive style of painting, sculpture and fine arts. For the exhibition, five paintings from the period will be displayed. A museum curator is part of the large network of employees like the archivists, assistant curators, museum technicians and conservationists who are part of the collection. Within the setting of the museum, a museum curator has to perform of a range of functions and responsibilities. According to Edson and David, a museum curator has to manage the overall layout of the museum in an efficient manner. A museum curator is entrusted with the onus of overseeing all the essential dimensions for running and managing a museum (Longair: 1-7). Some of these tasks include conducting lectures, workshops, arranging fundraising for programs and events. The museum curator has the responsibility of authorization and negotiation of purchase, sale and exchange of artefacts for a collection (Gilmore and Ruth: 745-760). There are curators who would loan artefacts from the collection to other museums or exhibits who are travelling (Edson and David: 23-45). The museum curator is expected to attend conventi ons, seminars, meetings and exhibits. Doing these, the social base and professional network of the curator expands. A museum curator is entrusted with the responsibility of selecting the themes for exhibitions making a decision on the design of the exhibits. They keep a tab on the inventory of the curated items. The job profile of the museum curator further includes the labelling of objects and specimens and dating tests (Ahmad, TaibMasri: 254-265). During the course of the exhibition, the museum curator explains and educates the visitors about the objects on display. A museum curator has to engage in application of grants. The provision of grants boosts further research and promotes expansion of the museum. Therefore, it can be inferred that a museum curator has to partake administrative, spoken as well as written communication skills. These qualities will be essential in organizing the exhibition. The theme of the exhibition at Two Rivers Gallery is going to be five famous paintings from the Renaissance period. The Renaissance period that lasted from fourteenth century to seventeenth century is considered to be an epoch in the history of the art movement (Adams). Renaissance marked the resurgence in art and literature (Bonds: 45-67). It commenced in Italy during the latter phase of the fifteenth century and the formative part of the sixteenth century. The five paintings that have been chosen for the exhibition are as follows Description:This masterpiece by Da Vinci is the most famous art work of all time. The elusive smile of Mona Lisa and the perfection with which Da Vinci has created this piece of art will be the highlight of the exhibition. According to the Guinness world Records, Mona Lisa has the highest insurance value. Description:This is an angelic painting and features Madonna carrying the Christ child and surrounded by Saint Barbra and Saint Sixtus. The artwork also features two cherubs who are located beneath Mother Madonna. The painting has reached great popularity and there have been increasing curiosity about the cherubs. This is a masterpiece and quite famous in Germany where it is considered as the best among all the paintings in the world. Description:Created in the year 1541, this art work is considered to be one of the most influential piece of art in fresco. It is painted on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in the auspicious Vatican City. The painting depicts the resurrection of Jesus and the final day of the judgement. Jesus is found to be in the centre of the painting among the saints. Below the painting, features the return of the Dead and the rise of the Damned. Description:Another masterpiece created by one of the most influential artist of all time. It is one of the four central frescos found on the walls of the Stanze di Raffaello situated in the Vatican City. All these works of art represent poetry, philosophy, law and theology. The School of Athens epitomizes philosophy. This masterpiece is viewed as the ideal embodiment of the classical essence of the High Renaissance. Description: This artwork brings out the masterful endowment of Leonadro Da Vinci. It encapsulates the confusion among the disciples of Jesus, when he declares that one of his disciples would betray him. The highlight of this painting is Da Vincis acute knowledge about the botany, geology, light and anatomy. The accuracy of the features of the subjects in the painting and the nuances of human emotions have been masterfully created by the artist. Conclusion This paper begins with the discussion of the functions and responsibilities of a museum curator. Then, there was a brief discussion on the exhibition theme which is the paintings from the Renaissance period. This period witnessed the development in human artistic spirit. The five paintings selected for the exhibition, epitomizes the quintessential high culture of the Renaissance period. Some of these paintings are considered as the most influential artworks in the world and therefore, these paintings will generate excitement among the visitors. References Adams, Laurie Schneider.Italian renaissance art. Routledge, 2018. Ahmad, S., Abbas, M. Y., Taib, M. Z. M., Masri, M. (2014). Museum Exhibition Design: Communication of meaning and the shaping of knowledge.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,153, 254-265. Bonds, Mark Evan. "A History of in Western Culture." (2013). Edson, Gary, and David Dean.Handbook for museums. Routledge, 2013. Gilmore, Audrey, and Ruth Rentschler. "Changes in museum management: A custodial or marketing emphasis?."Journal of management development21.10 (2002): 745-760. Longair, Sarah. "Cultures of Curating: The Limits of Authority." (2015): 1-7.

Steps to take if you havent gotten a job

Introduction In today’s world, both the young and the old individuals find themselves jobless especially during current economic downturns. For such jobless people, job hunting is on top of their list of priorities. In order to be effective in job seeking, the job hunters are required to use proper strategies to enable them to increase their chances of securing a job.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Steps to take if you haven’t gotten a job specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most successful job hunters do not wait for jobs to be available instead they are proactive in ensuring that they track down the best opportunities. This paper analyses the steps that a job seeker should consider in order to increase their chances of ultimately acquiring a job. Steps in job hunting There are many steps that a job hunter can use to find the right opportunities in securing a dream job. Networking is one of the s teps where contacts are acquired through business and social functions in order to help the job seeker in the job hunting process. A job seeker can start developing a network through close people like family, friends and neighbors, who might help them find a job or point them in the right direction. The second important strategy in job hunting is the thorough review of one’s resume and cover letter. The resume and cover letter should be written professionally in order to stand out from the rest. To ensure that these documents stand out, the hunter should seek the services of a professional writer for quality work. Thirdly, a conversation with counselors in different careers can help in providing the right referrals and resources to aid in the management of careers. The counselor can also help the job seeker emotionally get through a long period of unemployment that might interfere with job searching efforts. Fourthly, doing thorough research on the labor market and employers is a very important step in determining the success of job hunting. The research ensures that the job seeker’s resume and cover letter meet the professional needs of employers in order to put them in a better position to compete with other job seekers. Fifthly, doing voluntary work is also a plus in the process of job hunting. The job hunter should be willing to ask for work in a reputable organization and expect no pay in return. Volunteering helps one showcase their skills and talents to the potential employers, which in turn enable them to be considered for recruitment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, pursuing additional training is also a very important step that job seekers can take to increase their chances of securing a good job. In order for one to get their dream job, study advancement is more likely to help in strengthening the job hunterâ€℠¢s qualifications and set them apart from the rest of the job seekers . Conclusion Job hunting is not an easy task and many people tend to give up too soon. The process requires a lot of intelligence in gathering information about the targeted career sector. Knowing a particular job in its sector enables the job seeker to easily convince a potential employer that they have the right qualities, experience and qualifications to handle the responsibilities of a given job. It is evident that a job seeker should be strategically prepared for the long and tiring process of job hunting in order to gain positive feedback. Reference List Jones, L. (2002, April). Ten steps to follow if you haven’t gotten a job. Web. This essay on Steps to take if you haven’t gotten a job was written and submitted by user Johnathan Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Relevance of Hierarchy

Relevance of Hierarchy Introduction Contemporary organisations exist in a highly dynamic climate in which high employee turnover, changing market demands and cut throat-competition are a reality. These forces are incompatible with a system in which enforcement of the status quo is the key objective.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Relevance of Hierarchy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hierarchy is one such system, and it constrains an organisation’s response to its internal and external environment. The essay will focus on how hierarchy makes organisations uncompetitive in the wake of the modern business environment. It will look at factors that mediate poor results and the consequences of those factors. The irrelevance of hierarchy in organisations of today Hierarchical organisations presuppose that an individual has absolute authority. However, the logic of such an assumption is questionable in modern organisations. Companie s today have complex ownership systems that make absolute authority impractical. For instance, one may have two or more partners to consider in decision-making. Partnership structures are especially common in the legal professions, where several individuals have to share authority. Alternatively, an organisation may be publically traded. This implies that hundreds of shareholders could be regarded as the owners of the organisation. Therefore, power must be distributed in these institutions. Absolute authority simply has no place in contemporary businesses because even owners must share power. The modern business environment is becoming highly competitive. Therefore, successful firms must deliver results; businesses that hold workers accountability are the ones that deliver results. For this to happen, companies need to distribute authority on the basis of task accountability rather than arbitrary hierarchic levels. This means that workers need to have substantial control over the wa y they meet organisational objectives. Hierarchy breeds an atmosphere of departmental thinking. Sometimes divisions could develop rivalries that are detrimental to the achievement of organisational objectives. They would use their hierarchical levels to benefit themselves rather than the organisation. In essence, hierarchies create defensive attitudes that destroy the overall well being of organisations (Hales 2002).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Market demands are changing at lightning speed today. As a result, companies ought to respond to the consumers’ needs quickly. If an organisation possesses a deeply hierarchical system, chances are that it will take too long to communicate these varying market patterns to other members of the organisation. By the time information gets to top management, it may be too late to act. Competitors without tall stru ctures are better-suited to a fast-changing consumer market. In line with the above argument is the resistance to long-term change and innovation. Modern companies become leaders among their peers through constant innovation and change. At a theoretical level, hierarchy entrenches standards and the status quo. In practice, it is increasingly difficult to have a culture of frequent change and innovation if a hierarchical structure is a key trait of the organisation. Bureaucracies often strive to deal with short term problems. They try to eliminate disruptions as much as possible, and management processes mostly focus on efficiency (McSweeney 2006). Contemporary firms do not have the luxury of maintaining the status quo. Businesses like General Motors, Apple, Amazon, and Zara are at the top of their industries because they have entrenched a culture of innovation. Hierarchical firms do not harness new opportunities when they come along because their core goal is to optimise processes. One should note that change is not completely impossible in the hierarchical firm. In fact, statistics indicate that short term changes are quite common in these firms. The major challenge is accommodating long term change. If an organisation plans on altering its product portfolio or redesigning the firm’s strategic model, then chances are that flat structures will provide a favourable environment for the change. Little evidence exists on the ability of hierarchical institutions to allow and facilitate these large-scale changes.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Relevance of Hierarchy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Centralisation has an adverse effect on performance. Experiments covered by Anderson Brown (2010) indicated that groups in which tasks were simple seemed to perform better in hierarchic systems than flat ones. However, those groups where tasks were more complex seemed to work better in flat structures as their performance was quite impressive. They had greater control over decisions and reported fewer errors. 100% of them reported fewer errors, and their solutions came at a 60% faster rate than their decentralised counterparts. It should be noted that the author was talking about experiments in which participants worked in groups. Their interactions mirrored that of real organisations. Nonetheless, other experiments on the effect of hierarchy on performance have demonstrated a positive correlation. However, these studies can be countered on the basis of their research designs. Most of them claimed to simulate hierarchic systems, but they asked the supervisors to encourage participation and keep their opinions to themselves. Clearly, one can question the veracity of such an experiment. Nonetheless, one can still learn a lot from the above experiments, because if tasks are complex, then flat structures work best. The question one must ask is whether organisations of toda y have straightforward or complex tasks. In comparison to firms that existed a century ago, there is no doubt that companies have evolved. They are developing fast and efficient ways of producing. Businesses need to consider a myriad of factors before they complete tasks. As a consequence, most of them would be supported by flat structures in order to increase performance. In non simulated, field environments, studies show that organisations tend to yield better results when they have less hierarchy. Ouchi (2006) looked at school districts in which less hierarchy prevailed and compared them with bureaucratic school districts. He found that the former had better test results. This emanated from the fact that school principals had power to alter test scores. Poor performance in hierarchical firms emanates from pay differentials. CEOs of tall organisations are more likely to exhibit pay differentials between themselves and their employees than those without a hierarchical system. In an attempt to enforce hierarchical systems, organisations often pay senior members of the hierarchy more money than lower level employees.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This disparity creates a negative effect on the entire organisation as low-level employees, who are the majority, develop resentment. Carpenter and Sanders (2002) found that firms where pay differentials were minimal, and in line with their input, had greater returns on assets than their counterparts. If payment were irrelevant to one’s rank and more in line with the complexity of an individual’s task, then chances are that employees will have a positive attitude to the company. Hierarchy undermines this effect by showing that some employees are more valuable than others, regardless of their current input. Absence of hierarchy leads to better performance and even more importantly a greater level of loyalty to the organisation. In terms of employees’ attitudes, research also demonstrates that hierarchy is becoming increasingly irrelevant in most organisations. If an organisation is steep, its employees’ attitudes are likely to be negative. Members’ satisfaction decreases by high percentages when a person changes a corporation from an egalitarian to a centralised one. This comes about due to perceptions that individuals have concerning their self esteem, in relation to the organisation. People tend to be frustrated when they feel that their input does not merit as much weight as other colleagues’ input. The question one must ask is whether employee attitudes are relevant to contemporary businesses. Numerous human resource exist on the relevance of employee attitude in organisations. Researchers found that workers exhibit lower degrees of employee turnover if they have a positive attitude towards their organisations. In this era of high employee turnover, in many retail industries, it is essential to adopt a structure that fosters positive employee attitudes. Therefore, the relevance of hierarchy in this matter is quite questionable. Ranks and other differentiations that are common to hierarchic systems have an adverse ef fect on workers’ motivation. A person occupying a lower rank in the hierarchy will be unmotivated because of three key reasons. First, they will think that their position gives them little to contribute. This causes them to become more passive and eventually less effective. Additionally, their perception of members in the hierarchy increases dramatically. The thought process causes them to infer decisions and actions upon highly-ranked employees in the same manner that children differ contributions to their parents. Locke and Anderson (2010) proved this assertion when they analysed persons in lower ranks in a number of institutions, he found that many of them will do less discussion and decision making in the presence of their superiors. They explained that their behaviour emanated from their impression of their superiors as more intelligent and more competent than they were. Additionally, low-ranking employees may feel like their presence in a group predisposes them to unequ al treatment. Most times, these problems stem from a low ratio of reward to contribution. High-ranking members often take credit for employees’ contributions, and this causes them to lose motivation. Modern organisations are in a place where workers are increasingly aware of their rights and entitlements. They will look for other alternatives if they lack motivation from their workplaces. Consequently, those firms that insist on using hierarchy today will find that their employees are unmotivated and will look for opportunities elsewhere. Some factors moderate the effect of hierarchy in modern organisations. One of them is in the former sections; that is, task complexity. A second aspect in the same is the selection of the right leaders. Studies indicate that if leadership selection occurs properly, then hierarchy becomes a workable tool in an organisation. For people to select the right leaders, then they must do so in an unbiased and democratic way. However, many organisati ons appear to lack the capacity to select the right leaders because they pay attention to other details that have little bearing on democracy. Hierarchic systems tend to refrain from the use of democracy because members assume that leaders at the top know what is best for the firm. In this regard, their leadership selection is likely to go wrong, which brings about negative outcomes. Such findings prove that modern organisations must rethink their dependence on hierarchy. Corrupting consequences of power are also another moderator of hierarchy. In hierarchic systems, organisations place people in different ranks, which can corrupt their decision-making, behaviour and their thought processes. A lot of power gives people access to rewards like physical comforts, pay perks and non monetary rewards like praise, attention and esteem. It should be noted that not all people that access power demonstrate harmful behaviour, but the possibility is quite clear. Galinsky et. al. (2006) proved t his when they conducted an analysis of power positions. They concluded that power causes people to pay minimal attention to others, and this leads to a disregard of their input. Keltner et. al. (2003) found that people became more objectifying in positions of power. They also lack social awareness about norm-violating behaviour. Some of them may consider others as a means to an end. They often think about their subordinates as tools that can be manipulated for their own good. Power, as concentrated in centralised systems, alters leader’s decision-making abilities. It leads many of them to disregard the effect of risk on the decision processes. In the past, where organisations had monopolistic control over markets, businesses could afford the luxury of skewed decision making, poor perception of risk, and norm violating behaviour. However, in today’s hyper competitive and connected world, these attributes could become catastrophic to an organisation. Since hierarchy is t he source of these corruptive effects, then its necessity should be rethought. Conclusion Hierarchy is irrelevant in modern organisations. Not only does it stifle horizontal and vertical communication, but it makes business environments hostile to change. The phenomenon does not hold members accountable for their tasks; it instead focuses on arbitrary ranks. In today’s fast paced- world, this makes hierarchy irrelevant. Additionally, hierarchy reduces employee motivation and attitude. These are invaluable traits in organisations of today, which suffer from high employee turnover. Perhaps most importantly, hierarchy is irrelevant today because it reduces performance, especially in complex tasks. Companies that want to stay ahead of the competition must heighten performance; therefore, hierarchy is unnecessary. References Anderson, C Brown, C 2010, ‘The functions and dysfunctions of hierarchy’, Research in Organisational behaviour, vol. 2 no. 27, pp. 35. Carpenter , M Sanders, G 2002, ‘Top management team compensation: the missing link between CEO pay and firm performance?’, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 23 no. 4, pp. 367-375. Galinsky, A, Magee, J, Inesi, E, Gruenfeld, H 2006, ‘Power and perspectives not taken’, Psychological Science, vol. 17 no. 13, pp. 1068-1074. Hales, C 2002, ‘‘Bureaucracy-lite’ and Continuities in Managerial Work’ British Journal of Management, vol. 13 no. 19, pp. 51-66. Keltner, D, Gruenfeld, H Anderson, C 2003, ‘Power, approach and inhibition’, Psychological Review, vol. 110 no. 5, pp. 265-284. Locke, C Anderson, C 2010, ‘The downside of looking like a leader: Leader’s powerful demeanor stifles follower voice in participative decision making’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 3 no. 17, pp. 1-35. McSweeney, B 2006, ‘Are we living in a post-bureaucratic epoh?’ Journal of Organisational Change Management, vol. 19 n o. 4, pp. 22-37. Ouchi, W 2006, ‘Power to the principals: Decentralisation in three large school districts’, Organisation Science, vol. 17 no. 8, pp. 298-307.

The writing life of the arthur Stephen king Research Paper

The writing life of the arthur Stephen king - Research Paper Example While King was in college, he spent a lot of time doing odd jobs to pay for his tuition, but he continued to write. In 1967, King’s first professional story, â€Å"The Glass Floor,† was sold. After college, King was unable to find immediate employment, so he made money by selling many of his short stories to men’s magazines. Even after he obtained a job as an English teacher, King continued to write and sell his short stories to various publications. In 9171, he began to prepare notes for his first novels. From the mid-70s to the mid-80s, Stephen King saw some of his biggest successes. In 1974, his novel Carrie was published. He originally threw away the manuscript for the novel, but his wife convinced him to finish. To this day, Carrie remains to be one of his most acclaimed novels. The following year came the publishing and releasing of his second novel, Salem’s Lot. In 1977, after his mother’s death from cancer, King wrote and published The Shini ng, yet another one of his most-recognized novels and the most referenced in popular culture. The following year, The Stand, his forth novel, was written and published. In 1985, King had a taste of the comic book world, collaborating on an X-Men comic books with various other writers for a charity event. King took part in his own individual comic book adventure in 1986, writing the introduction to an anniversary addition of Batman (Collings 45). In the latter part of the 1970s, the conception of King’s first series, The Dark Tower series, led to further success for the writer. The first novel was featured in installments in various horror-based magazines. It was professionally published in 1982 and gained quick popularity amongst horror, fantasy, and science fiction fans. The seven-book series was written and published over a span of forty years, with the final one being released in 2004. In 2009, however, King also wrote and published a prequel to the series. On June 19, 199 9, Stephen King was involved in a car accident, during which he was struck by an unaware driver while King was walking along the road and reading a book (Brooks 428). The accident caused numerous injuries and great pain in King, prompting him to announce his retirement from writing in 2002. Due to the injuries sustained in his accident, he found it painful to sit for long periods of time, which took away a lot of his time for writing. However, King has since continued writing, pumping out almost a novel every year. His last published book, in 2009, was Ur. In March of 2011, King made it known that his next novel was set to be released November 8, 2011, and that he was planning on publishing an eighth Dark Tower novel in 2012. Stephen King is one of the most well-known horror writers of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Though he is writing at a slower pace due to the pains of his accident, King has made it clear that writing is not only his job, but his life, and he has no i ntentions of parting from his works until his dying day. Until then, he will continue to appease to his loyal fans. Works Cited Beahm, George W. The Stephen King Story. 2nd ed. Kansas City, MO: Andrews & McMeel, 2000. Print. Beahm divulges into the life of Stephen King. The majority of the book is centered on King's childhood. More specifically, the events and

Business Report about Prudential Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Report about Prudential - Essay Example In the words of Henry Fayol (1987), management is all about forecasting, planning, organizing, forming coordination and keeping control. This implies that management is made of four interlocking functions namely planning, organizing, leading and controlling (Porter, 2008) Management is a continuous process because its four functions are interdependent on each other therefore, management never stops. A deep insight into the concept of management shows that the task of a manager is to ensure that all resources of the organization are working in harmony with human resources. A manager is responsible for creating such an environment where workers are motivated and they do not lose their focus. Management as a whole is dynamic in nature. It involves the use of various disciplines such as economics, ethics, psychology and sociology etc in order to guarantee that workers achieve their targets on time by utilizing resources optimally (Terence Lucey, 2005). Competing Values Framework (CVF): T here are a number of approaches to management and fortunately they have all come together in Quinn’s (1981) competing values framework (CVF). The idea behind the introduction of this approach was to simplify the language which is useful in defining organizational effectiveness in terms of its designing, analysis and development. This framework can have multiple purposes: it serves as a learning system in the organization, an idea generator, a map and a mechanism that makes sense of organizing. It helps in the identification of factors and guidelines which assist the managers in managing conflicts, congruencies and relationships at different levels of the organizations (Wesley, 2008). The competing values framework (CVF) helps the organizational members and managers create value for the organization as well as improve its performance at both internal and external levels. Cameron and Quinn (2006) proposed that organizational effectiveness can be demonstrated by four of competin g values namely internal, external, flexibility and control. The model illustrates that the vertical axis represents structural preferences of organizations from flexibility to control and the horizontal axis shows the perspectives from internal (people oriented) to external (organization oriented) emphasis (see Appendix). The framework is further divided into four quadrants namely human relations model, internal process model, open system model and rational goal model (Quinn & Rohrbaugh, 1983). 2.0 Application 2.1 Name and Challenge Establishes in 1875 and headquartered in the city of Newark, NJ, Prudential Financial Inc. is one of the leading companies which offers to its customers various products and services of financial nature. These offerings include investment management, mutual funds, annuities, life insurance policies and special services for the retired citizens. For over more than hundred years, the company is enjoying successful operations in Latin America, United State s, Europe and Asia. So far, the number of permanent employees associated with Prudential Inc. has reached up to fifty thousand one hundred and four. There are three main divisions of the company namely: U.S Retirement Solutions and Investment Management, International Insurance and Investment and U.S Individual Life and Group Insurance. Of the many challenges Prudential is facing, the challenge of climate change holds significant importance. Global warming has given rise to the issue of

Blog post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blog post - Essay Example In the past, women were not required to take part in any form of economic activity that could empower them than their men counterpart. In this case, they were given duties that would pay less than men. Advertisement have become one of the marketing tools of firm products. A large portion of the family unit merchandise has ruled the commercial business. For this reason, every firm considers doing an advert that would attract a lot of consumers and still remain relevant to the society. In order to achieve this mission, industrialists have used young women in their adverts. Women are portrayed in different forms as media in such a way that they will attract men’s emotions. They will thus be dressed in clothes that seem attractive to men. Most of these attires only hides the body parts that are very critical when exposed. The advert leaves men appreciating the lady in the advert and will dependably be sitting tight for the advert. Ashley Graham’s advert of the swimming cloth is one of the examples. She is portrayed wearing a swimming ‘bra and an under pant’ just on the side of a swimming pool. A man is wearing a full suit and a tie stand amazed behind her admiring her body (Suhr). The difference between the two can help to define the role of women in the social setup where the advert was done. Ladies role in this general public is to amuse men. The nakedness of a lady excites mens emotions. They are for this reason advised to dress in an indecent way so that they can look attractive by men. Men then again typically remunerate ladies who look alluring. For this reason, the society accepts such behaviors. As stated earlier, the theory of the social role enhances the activities that different members of the society need to practice. The social differentiation outlined by Ralph Dahrendorf explains that this is a must-expectations. Thus, the advert in the media concentrates on the desire of the buyers.

Ethical Issues In Contemporary American Police

Ethical Issues In Contemporary American Police Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to provide a modern overview of three major ethical issues pertaining to contemporary American policing and criminal justice. Corruption for personal gain is one of the most fundamental ethical violations in policing relates and relates to the misuse of authority for personal betterment. Truthfulness in court testimony, good faith, and constitutional compliance differ from traditional corruption because the underlying motive is to pursue what the police officer believes is a just outcome rather than personal gain. Racism and Racial Profiling refer to targeting individuals solely based upon their race. Major ethical issues in contemporary American policing and criminal justice Introduction Law enforcement and policing are areas where ethical values are crucial, by virtue of the powers and authorities that are granted to law enforcement officers. Police have the power to make arrests and to use force, including deadly force, to overcome resistance to arrests. They also enjoy considerable latitude and discretion in the exercise of their policing authority, such as in terms of who they choose to investigate and how they execute their responsibilities. Naturally, policing powers can be misused, such as for personal gain, and that problem was rampant in many police agencies in the early history of American policing; in many countries, bribes and graft continue to be ordinary means of negotiating for leniency with police authorities. American policing has evolved tremendously in the last century with respect to ethical values and the standards of conduct expected of police personnel. Nevertheless, ethical issues still arise, such as in connection with the veracity of police testimony at trial, constitutional compliance in the field, and with respect to racism in policing. Corruption for Personal Gain One of the most fundamental ethical violations in policing relates to the misuse of authority for personal aggrandizement. It was rampant in early American policing, largely because the entire process of appointment to the position of police officer in cities like New York and Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th century depended on illicit payoffs to political officials and their proxies (Conlon, 2004). In the 1970s, the now-infamous case of New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer Frank Serpico sparked the establishment of the Knapp Commission to identify and put a stop to rampant corruption within the nations largest municipal police department. Those series of investigations revealed that the entire police department, from patrol officers all the way up through the highest ranks of police administration was corrupt. Instead of bribery, and extortion of criminal suspects being the rare exception to the rule, it was the police officer like Frank Serpico who refused to part icipate who was the exception. Moral integrity in that regard resulted in the honest police officer being ostracized by his fellow officers; in Serpicos case, it nearly proved deadly when other officers deliberately failed to provide adequate backup when he confronted an armed assailant (Conlon, 2004). Generally, empirical studies of police corruption distinguish the misuse of police authority for the overt, aggressive pursuit of illicit gains from the passive participation in corrupt practices on the part of individuals within an existing organizational culture in which such practices are condoned or considered unremarkable (Cloud, 1994). Police officers who engage in the former are considered meat-eaters; those who participate only in the latter form of corruption are considered grass-eaters (Delattre, 2006). The most important significance of that distinction is that when a police agency maintains an organizational culture in which corruption of any kind is treated as criminal deviance and punished accordingly, only officers who are inclined to be meat-eaters still engage in corrupt practices. Generally, those officers who would have been grass-eaters within a corrupt police culture do not initiate corruption spontaneously and would have only been susceptible to corruption in an environment where it was expected by their fellow officers and where refusing to participate would have undermined their peer-to-peer relationships (Delattre, 2006). Meanwhile, more discriminating hiring practices, better training, and increased supervision have all but eliminated overt police corruption in American policing (Schmalleger, 2009). Today, when police corruption occurs, it is typically in connection with isolated instances involving individual officers or units rather than entire police agencies, and it results in newspaper headlines and calls for immediate administrative action, including appropriate actions against supervisors and police administrators who failed to prevent, identify, and take immediate action against any type of police corruption on their watches (Schmalleger, 2009). Truthfulness in Court Testimony and Good Faith and Constitutional Compliance Another important issue in contemporary policing ethics relates to the conduct of police officers as witnesses in court proceedings. Unlike traditional police corruption that prevailed a century or more ago and that was dealt with more recently by the Knapp Commission in New York, this type of unethical conduct is fundamentally different because the underlying motive is to pursue what the police officer believes is a just outcome rather than personal gain. Specifically, police officers often face a difficult ethical dilemma in connection with testifying at criminal trials: namely, they know that the defendant is guilty but that the outcome of the trial may hinge on what they say on the stand (Raymond, 1998). If they testify with absolute truthfulness on the witness stand when being questioned by seasoned defense attorneys, defendants may be exonerated by juries if defense counsel can successfully introduce any basis for doubting the accuracy of the factual accounts provided by police officer testimony. As a result, even otherwise ethical police officers may be tempted to alter their testimony at trial in the interest of securing a conviction that they believe represents justice more than exoneration as a result of their completely truthful testimony (Raymond, 1998). This particular ethical problem is more complex than simply training police officers to testify truthfully on the witness stand. It includes the problem of training police officers not to misrepresent the facts in their initial incident reports in articulating their accounts of arrests and about how they characterize what they actually observed (Cloud, 1994). The unethical approach used by many officers in some police departments includes simply misrepresenting the truth in their written characterizations to justify police conduct, particularly in connection with justifications for searches and the use of force (Foley, 2000). To a great degree, police agencies control how truthfully their officers represent the factual circumstances detailed in their field reports and arrest reports. In that regard, the phrase articulation can be used to mean careful attention to detail or, alternatively, it can mean that officers make sure to include any details required to support their actions at trial, irrespective of whether or not those descriptions actually represent the truth of what happened on the street (Raymond, 1998). For a typical example, a patrol officer may know from practical experience that drug dealer frequently try to secret small amounts of drugs or weapons under the seats of their vehicles or in between the cushions. Generally, the 4th Amendment prohibitions of unwarranted search and seizure require either consent from the driver or probable cause to permit a police officer to search anywhere within a vehicle stopped for a traffic violation beyond what is plainly visible to the officer from his vantage point during the traffic stop (Zalman, 2008 137). Similarly, under Terry v. Ohio (1968) police officers may only conduct a cursory pat-down of the external clothing of subjects of their investigations and only for the purpose of ensuring their safety in connection with concealed weapons; they may not search through pockets for contraband of conduct other searches beyond the scope of the so-called Terry frisk (Schmalleger, 2008 p256). However, as a practical matter, compliance with both rul es depends substantially on the ethical commitment of the patrol officer, and of the commitment of his agency as reflected in his training and in the leadership of his supervisors. To get around the 4th Amendment limitations of vehicle searches, all the police officer has to do is record in his report that the driver made a furtive movement or that the officer observed him reaching beneath his seat as he pulled over for the officer (Raymond, 1998). He could also simply record that a portion of the baggie containing drugs was visible in between the seat cushions or that the handgrip of a pistol was visible protruding from underneath the passenger seat from the officers normal vantage point. From the perspective of the police officer, misrepresenting the literal truth in such cases may be less important than taking drugs and illegal handguns off the street (Raymond, 1998). Complying strictly with constitutional requirements is an ethical issue that reflects the commitment of the police agency, or, where doing so is routinely ignored, reflects the lack thereof. Consider the effect of police supervisors who caution their subordinates very specifically never to violate constitutionally legitimate police procedure for the sake of making an arrest as opposed to the effect of supervisors who preach only that whatever officers do in the field must be articulated properly in their reports to support prosecution. In practice, the first approach teaches officers that they may not impose their desire to interdict drugs and weapons and that they may not indulge even their strongest practical suspicions without constitutional authority to do so. Conversely, the second approach teaches officers not to wait until they get to court to lie; rather, the necessary lies to support their actions in the field must be properly articulated in their field reports so that they support their testimony at trial. Sometimes, police procedure evolves specifically to circumvent constitutional protections against unwarranted searches and seizures in ways that are not susceptible to easy challenges. When officers engage in those behaviors independently or spontaneously, they represent ethical violations only on the part of those officers. However, when those practices become part of police training, they represent ethical violations at the departmental level. Such was precisely the situation in connection with police practices in Missouri that prompted the 2004 ruling by the United States Supreme Court in Siebert v. Missouri that now prohibits one such particular strategy: namely, two-tiered interrogations intended to circumvent the Miranda protections against self-incrimination (Hoover, 2005). Generally, the standard police practice necessary to satisfy the landmark 1966 Supreme Court ruling in Miranda v. Arizona requires police to advise suspects of their 5th Amendment right to remain silent before any custodial questioning (Zalman, 2008). In Missouri, as in several other jurisdictions, police had adopted the practice of questioning criminal suspects extensively prior to arresting them, but in a context in which the suspects would not have reasonably believed that they could simply refuse to answer, such as when surrounded by uniformed police. Technically, the only penalty for questioning suspects outside of Miranda is the application of the exclusionary rule preventing the prosecution from using that evidence at trial (Zalman, 2008). Missouri police had adopted the specific strategy of first questioning suspects outside of Miranda, then advising them of their 5th Amendment rights, and subsequently re-interviewing them (Hoover, 2005). Since suspects typically do not understand the legal implications of Miranda compliance, they would repeat statements in subsequent questioning under Miranda that they knew they had already answered previously. Since those subsequent interviews occurred in full compliance with Miranda, the prosecutors would introduce those statements at trial (Hoover, 2005). In Siebert, the U.S. Supreme Court expressly prohibited such practices, precisely because they amounted to nothing more than deliberate attempts to do what Miranda had prohibited for (then) almost forty years. Police may not extract information from criminal defendants during custodial questioning, which does not necessarily require formal arrest under circumstances where an individual would is believe that he is free to terminat e the interaction with police or to refuse to respond (Hoover, 2005). By deliberately employing a two-tiered (i.e. pre-Miranda and post-Miranda) interrogation strategy, Missouri police had engaged in unethical conduct that eventually required judicial intervention at the highest level. Currently, similar practices in New York have resulted in widespread complaints in connection with routine practices employed by NYPD officers to make marijuana possession arrests (CCR, 2012; NYCLU, 2012). Typically, the officers initiate an investigatory detention to conduct an interview with subjects based on subjective suspicions that would not justify a search of the subject. They ask the subject to show them what is in his pocket and if he complies by producing a small quantity of marijuana, they arrest the individual for possession. The charges stemming from those arrests are eventually dismissed in criminal court on a case-by-case basis (CCR, 2012; NYCLU, 2012), but the specific matter of unethical police conduct has not yet been addressed by a higher court. Racism and Racial Profiling Prior to the American Civil Rights Era, racial and ethnic minorities were routinely subjected to police procedures that were manifestly unconstitutional and unethical (Crutchfield, Fernandes Martinez, 2010; Staples, 2011). During the 1950s and 1960s, the National Guard had to be deployed to protect black students enrolling in schools in states where local police would not and federal law enforcement authorities had to take over law enforcement and criminal investigation functions in Mississippi after local authorities with links to the Ku Klux Klan were complicit if not directly involved in the murder of four civil rights workers from New York (Schmalleger, 2009). In the modern post-Civil Rights era, racism is still a ripe area of ethical issues in American policing (Staples, 2011). Typically, racism arises in policing in connection with the racial profiling of drivers subject to traffic stops. Specifically, racial profiling occurs when police officers target drivers based on their apparent race or ethnicity for ordinary traffic enforcement stops (Schmalleger, 2009; Zalman, 2008). This type of ethical violation, like many others, can represent either the prejudices and biases of individual officers or the condoning of such practices at an organizational level. Conclusion Outright police corruption, particularly on the scale of whole police departments, was eliminated nearly completely in the last few decades of the 20th century after one especially high-profile egregious case within the largest police force in the country. However, more subtle ethical problems still emerge and require judicial intervention even in the modern era. Police sometimes manipulate their procedures in the field to take advantage of apparent loopholes in laws meant to protect citizens from excessive police intrusions. Likewise, racism also continues to present a background for unethical conduct among police officers inclined in that direction. In almost all types of contemporary ethical issues in American policing, the expectations and leadership messages coming from the employing agency is all that stands in between individual instances of unethical conduct and the spread of those unethical practices throughout the agency. References Center for Constitutional Rights. 2012, NYPDs Stop and Frisk Practice: Unfair and Unjust. Accessed 2 February 2013 from: http://ccrjustice.org/stopandfrisk Cloud M 1994 The dirty little secret. Emory Law Journal (43): 1311 1349 Conlon E. (2004) Blue Blood. New York: Riverhead. Crutchfield, RD, Fernandes, A, Martinez, J 2010, Racial and ethnic disparity and criminal justice: how much is too much? Journal of Criminal Law Criminology 100(3): 903-932 Delattre E. 2006 Character and Cops: Ethics in Policing. Washington, DC: AEI Press. Foley M. 2000 Police Perjury: A Factorial Survey. U.S. Department of Justice, Accessed 1 February 2013 from: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/181241.pdf Hoover L 2005 The supreme court brings an end to the end run around Miranda. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 74(6): 26-32 New York Civil Liberties Union 2012 Stop-and-Frisk Campaign: About the Issue. Accessed 2 February 2013 from: http://www.nyclu.org/issues/racial-justice/stop-and-frisk-practices Raymond M 1998 Police policing police: some doubts. St. Johns Law Review 72(3): 1255- 1264. Schmalleger F 2008 Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall. Staples R. White power, black crime, and racial politics 2011 Black Scholar 41(4): 31- 41. Zalman M 2008 Criminal Procedure: Constitution and Society New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

An Interpretation of the ratios for Marks and Spencers and the House of

An Interpretation of the ratios for Marks and Spencers and the House of Fraser Findings ======== This section of the report will be composed of an interpretation of the ratios for both companies. All ratios that form the ratio analysis will be explained, and any trends from within ratios will be highlighted. OVERALL PERFORMANCE Return on Capital Employed: Net profit before tax and interest x100 = % Capital employed The Return on Capital Employed ratio (R.O.C.E) is a hugely significant ratio, and a great deal can be taken from this ratio. The ratio relates to the profit earned in relation to the long-term capital invested in the business. The term 'capital employed' in this equation means the owners' capital plus any long term liabilities (for example long-term loans). This ratio shows the % return on capital invested in the company. A business will aim to have this ratio as high percentage as possible. If the percentage return on capital invested is less than that offered elsewhere, then it may be wise to close the business and invest elsewhere. The ratio analysis shows that Marks and Spencer saw a slight drop on their R.O.C.E from 1999 to 2000, however, they managed to increase the R.O.C.E the following year. The next year, 2002 shows the most significant changes. The R.O.C.E increased from 9.61% in 2001, to 20.89% in 2002. This is almost a 120% increase on R.O.C.E. The House of Fraser had a slightly better R.O.C.E than Marks and Spencer in 2000, however, the following year they experienced a drop of around 1.5%. The result for 2002 shows that The House of Fraser managed to almost double their R.O.C.E from 8.6% in 2001 to 15.91% in 2002. Although this was a healthy increase, The House of Fraser currently have a R.O.C.E th... ...tly. The company needs to be more flexible with the volume and style of clothing they stock. People are much more fashion conscious than they used to be, it is essential for the credibility of a company that they are consistently at the height of fashion. The results for the debtor's collection period for Marks and Spencer are very worrying, especially when compared to The House of Fraser. Marks and Spencer need to dramatically reduce the collection period in order to avoid any problems in the future. Marks and Spencer currently offer their customers the option of having a store card. Although in theory, this is a good idea, especially form a marketing perspective; it can cause many problems in the long run. Customers can leave payment for long periods of time. This leads to Marks and Spencer not being paid for stock they no longer own, and should have been paid for.

Hucklbery Finn persuasive essay Essay

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Offensive Language in Literature In Mark Twain’s classic 1884 novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, regional and time-specific language is used in a way that offends some 21st century readers. Particular words are so disturbing that individuals across the country are still, to this day, attempting to have the book banned in schools and libraries. The idea that any book should be tucked away in a vault, let alone an example of a beloved American classic such as this, is ludacris and against what America stands for. Works of art, like this book, should be used to learn and to open up dialogue and analysis on both the piece itself and the society from which it came. With this particular Twain novel, we should be having a discussion about why the offending words are so offensive, and why it’s important that a record of these words and attitudes exist. Words carry weight, and the weight of the â€Å"N† word in Huckleberry Finn is heavy and dripping with sordid history. It is a term that holds an impassable amount of cultural appropriation and painful association. The word, used in a classic literary context, is then a perfect way to open up a dialogue about issues that are difficult to talk about. Political correctness, racial slurs, America’s dark past—these are all topics that can be used to teach young people how to have a gentle conversation about a torrid subject matter. Instead of banning the book and ignoring the past, we should be embracing the story and teaching people how to deal with the words in a tactful and progressive way. Moving forward from America’s shameful history of racism is difficult and taxing. But the only way we make steps to a new and more comfortable future is to learn from our past mistakes. Twain was a product of his time, putting words into the mouths of his characters that would easily have come from the mouths of real people. It’s also important to remember that the character of Huck Finn himself is anti-racist, so teaching the book to young people is not teaching racism, but acceptance. It is imperative to connect with the period of history that Huckleberry Finn comes from because shoving it to the side will only render us blind. Banning books is an effective way to censor, and censorship goes against a lot of what Americans believe to be a very important personal right. The right to free speech is sacred, and it is mostly untouched even in circumstances where highly polarizing or hateful words are being used. A work of fiction that integrates dialogue containing the â€Å"N† word may seem hateful to some, but it is certainly the intention of the author to use it in a context of satire. Censorship will just close the book when what we really need is to open it up in a different light. At a time when it is nearly impossible to find an adult engaged in a healthy debate or discussion, teaching our children how to think and speak analytically and fairly is a dire need. Using fictional novels such as Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as a jumping-off point of what used to be, and what has become, is the perfect opportunity for creating the ability to do this. By keeping books deemed controversial in rotation and out of the vault, we can begin to understand the preciousness of our own rights to speak our mind, as well as being able to speak to others with respect and with knowledge of the past. Downloaded from http://www. wikihow. com There are three possible organization patterns: Pattern 1: Thesis statement: PRO idea 1 PRO idea 2 CON(s) + Refutation(s) Conclusion Pattern 2: Thesis statement: CON(s) + Refutation(s) PRO idea 1 PRO idea 2 Conclusion Pattern 3: Thesis statement: CON idea 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ>  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Refutation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CON idea 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ>  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Refutation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CON idea 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ>  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Refutation Conclusion The  sample essay  has been written according to the third pattern. Thesis:  Do Reiki instead of taking medicine. Counter arguments Refutation 1. People should trust medicine since it is effective and scientifically proven. —–> Reiki is also scientifically proven and does not have side effects. (refutation method: insufficient claim) 2. Serious illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and cancer cannot be treated without medicine. —–> Medicine also cannot treat serious illnesses if not diagnosed at an early stage. (refutation method: opponents are partially correct) 3. Reiki, like alternative healing methods, requires a lot of time. —–> Reiki requires less time if done regularly. refutation method: opponents are completely wrong) Language:  Signposts gain importance in the argumentative essay. They enable the readers to follow our arguments easily. When pointing out opposing arguments (CONs): Opponents of this idea claim / maintain that †¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those who disagree / are against these ideas may say / assert that †¦ Some people may disagree with this idea. When stating specifically why they think like that: The put forward this idea because †¦ They claim that †¦ since †¦ Reaching the turning point: However, but On the other hand, When refuting the opposing idea, we may use the following strategies: compromise  but prove that their argument is not powerful enough: They have a point in thinking like that. To a certain extent they are right. completely  disagree: After seeing this evidence, there is no way we can agree with what they say. say that their argument is  irrelevant  to the topic: What we are discussing here is not what they are trying to prove. Their argument is irrelevant. HEALTH AND HEALING AT YOUR FINGERTIPS Throw out the bottles and boxes of drugs in your house. A new theory suggests that medicine could be bad for your health, which should at least come as good news to people who cannot afford to buy expensive medicine. However, it is a blow to the medicine industry, and an even bigger blow to our confidence in the progress of science. This new theory argues that healing is at our fingertips: we can be healthy by doing Reiki on a regular basis. Supporters of medical treatment argue that medicine should be trusted since it is effective and scientifically proven. They say that there is no need for spiritual methods such as Reiki, Yoga, Tai Chi. These waste our time, something which is quite precious in our material world. There is medicine that can kill our pain, x-rays that show us our fractured bones or MRI that scans our brain for tumors. We must admit that these methods are very effective in the examples that they provide. However, there are some â€Å"every day complaints† such as back pains, headaches, insomnia, which are treated currently with medicine. When you have a headache, you take an Aspirin, or  Vermidon, when you cannot sleep, you take  Xanax  without thinking of the side effects of these. When you use these pills for a long period, you become addicted to them; you cannot sleep without them. We pay huge amounts of money and become addicted instead of getting better. How about a safer and more economical way of healing? When doing Reiki to yourself, you do not need anything except your energy so it is very economical. As for its history, it was discovered in  Japan  in the early 1900s and its popularity has spread particularly throughout  America  and  Western Europe. In quantum physics, energy is recognized as the fundamental substance of which the universe is composed. Reiki depends on the energy within our bodies. It is a simple and effective way of restoring the energy flow. There are no side effects and it is scientifically explained. Opponents of alternative healing methods also claim that serious illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and cancer cannot be treated without drugs. They think so because these patients spend the rest of their lives in the hospital taking medicine. How can Reiki make these people healthy again? It is very unfortunate that these patients have to live in the hospital losing their hair because of chemotherapy, losing weight because of the side effects of the medicine they take. Actually, it is common knowledge that except for when the cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, drugs also cannot treat AIDS or cancer. Most of the  medicinethese patients use are to ease their pain and their sufferings because of the medical treatment they undergo. Instead of drugs which are expensive and have many side effects, you can use your energy to overcome the hardships of life, find an emotional balance, leave the stress of everyday life and let go of the everyday worries. Most of the chronic conditions such as eczema or migraine are known to have causes such as poor diet and stress. Deep-rooted anger or other strong emotions can contribute to viral infections as well. Since balancing our emotions and controlling our thoughts are very important for our well-being, we should definitely start learning Reiki and avoid illnesses before it is too late. Some people may still maintain that in our material world, everything depends on time. It is even â€Å"lacking time† that causes much of the stress that leads to the illnesses we mentioned. How would it be possible to find time to do Reiki to ourselves and the people around us when we cannot even find time to go to the theater? This is one good thing about Reiki; it does not require more than 15 minutes of our time. There is no need for changing clothes or special equipment. It is a wonderfully simple healing art, an effective method of relaxation and stress-relief. Most important of all, it is less time consuming than medicine if we think of all the time we spend taking medicine for some complaints and taking some more for the side effects as well. Having said these, resistance to Reiki would be quite illogical. Reiki is natural and drug-free. What is more, it is easy to learn by anyone, regardless of age and experience. It  can be used anywhere, anytime. It also enhances physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well-being and the benefits last a lifetime. It is definitely high time to get away from the drug boxes we store in our drug cabinet! _________________________________________________________________________ utline I Introduction/Thesis-Claim Body Paragraph  1: Present your 1st point and supporting evidence. Body Paragraph 2: Present your 2nd point and it’s supporting evidence. Body Paragraph 3:  Refuteyour opposition’s first point. Body Paragraph 4:  Refuteyour opposition’s second point. Conclusion/Restate Thesis Outline II Introduction/Thesis-Claim Body Paragraph  1:  Refuteyour opposition’s first point. Body Paragraph 2:  Refuteyour opposition’s second point. Body Paragraph 3: Present your first point and supporting evidence. Body Paragraph 4: Present your second point and supporting evidence. Conclusion/Restate Thesis Outline III Introduction/Thesis-Claim Body Paragraph  1: Present your first point and it’s supporting evidence, which also  refutes  one of your opposition’s claims. Body Paragraph 2: Present your second point and it’s supporting evidence, which also  refutes  a second opposition claim. Body Paragraph 3: Present your third point and it’s supporting evidence, which also  refutes  a third opposition claim. Conclusion/Restate Thesis 3 Additional Outlines that You Can Print: Basic 5-Paragraph (Argument) Essay Outline: This outline also serves for other essays such as research papers, or the basic 5-paragraph essay. Highlight-and-print outline to fill in. Another Argument Essay Outline:  This outline asks questions that help you critically think about your topic. Highlight-and-print outline to fill in. Argument/Research Paper Outline Guide: This outline can help guide you through a series of questions. You can highlight-and-print this outline, but it’s not a fill-in-the-blank outline; use it as a guide. Many of my students like to use this outline for both research papers and argumentative papers. Basic 5-Paragraph (Argument) Essay Outline:

Winslow Homers Breezing Up essays

Winslow Homer's Breezing Up essays Winslow Homers Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) Winslow Homers Breezing Up, located on the West Main Floor in Gallery 68 of the National Gallery of Arts, perfectly captures the beauty and splendor of nature and innocence. The painting, which was completed after three years of work in 1876, is displayed among the works of other oil painters including additional works by American and naturalist painter Winslow Homer. In this painting, Winslow Homer depicts a man with three boys in a small wooden sail boat that is riding along the choppy waters. At the center of this painting is the stern or rear of the boat. The oldest of the boys is sitting on the far end of the stern with his knees up and his bare feet planted firmly on the deck. Although the subject is directly in front of the viewer, Homer uses a slightly diagonal linear perspective that goes from the rear of the boat to the right and distant horizon. It is this boy, not the man, who is steering the boat almost effortlessly with one hand on the line. His face is turned slightly away from the viewer, yet Homer adds so much detail using line and color to accentuate the boys chin, left cheek and eye. Throughout the artwork, Homers use of lines is only hinted at by the detailed contours of the figures and boats themselves. These detailed features stand out greatly against the thick layers of puffy clouds, painted with thick and loose brush strokes, which linger over the water. The use of expressive lines is also hinted at in Homers ability to recreate curves just as they would appear in nature, such as the shape and form of the rolling waves in the sea and the clouds hovering overhead in the sky. Winslow Homer also uses the technique of line of sight, in which lines are created from the two boys on the left and their father looking to the sail while the boy steering the boat is looking towards the shoreline, their destination. Implied lines may also be app...

Body Image and Sexuality Essays

Body Image and Sexuality Essays Body Image and Sexuality Paper Body Image and Sexuality Paper The first step in understanding the relationship between body image and sexuality is to understand the meaning of each. Body image is how one sees one’s own body. Despite the simple definition, there lies a complexity in the practical meaning of the word. Body satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) is influenced heavily by one’s culture: the norm of the ideal body. In the US, the ideal female body is low in fat yet curvaceous. However, in China, Ghana and Greece (Myth of Dionysius; Semiotic, 2006), the big bellies, fatness and heaviness in women are desired and related to happiness and abundance. Thus, the definition of body image is dependent on how one’s perception is influenced by his culture and surroundings. Sexuality Sexuality has a more academic definition, i. e. , the quality or state of being sexual (Sexuality, 2006). Unambiguously, it is one’s level of interest in sex. Sexuality is in most part a biological phenomenon, the interest of the female specie to the male as the opposite specie. However, there are aspects in the modern relationship that accept the fact of homosexuality. In this paper, we limit our research into the heterosexual aspect of sexuality. Two researches are being presented to show the scientific investigation conducted by professionals on the topic at hand. Research No. 1 McKay, A. of the Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality (2000) discusses a survey conducted by Ackard, D. M. , Kearney-Cooke, A. , Peterson, C. B. on the effect of body image and self-image on womens sexual behaviors. In March 1997, Ackard, et. al, conducted a survey entitled Does Your Body Image Affect Your Love Life? featured in Shape magazine. The response of 3,627 women age ranging from 14 to 74 years old, completed college and weighing an average of 145 lbs, was a 66. 4% satisfaction with their overall self. In spite of this, 60. 2% of them were dissatisfied with their appearance and a while 80. 5% reported some degree of satisfaction with their ability to form and maintain relationships with others. (Mckay, 2000, p. 124) The survey resulted in a direct correlation between body image and sexuality, i. e. , those satisfied with their body image, responded as having higher frequency of sex and achieving orgasm, than those that are dissatisfied with their body image. Furthermore, the intimacy and adventure level of those the ones satisfied with their body image were higher than those that were dissatisfied: greater comfort undressing in front of their partner, greater comfort having sex with the lights on, greater comfort trying new sexual activities, and greater confidence in their ability to give their partner sexual pleasure. (Mckay, 2000, p. 124) In spite of the above, Mckay (2000, p. 124) noted that Ackard, et. al, (2000) concluded that overall satisfaction is the more significant influencing factor to the respondents’ sexuality, more than body image itself. This is evidenced by the fact that the overall self-satisfaction and ability to form and maintain relations with others resulted with a higher percentage than the satisfaction of the respondents with their own appearance, which is body image. The Ackard, et. al survey however has a limited respondent base, i. e. the respondents are readers of the fitness magazine and thus maybe highly focused on body image vs. the average woman. A wider subject base is considered in the next experiment and presents a more analytical assessment of the relationship between body image and sexuality. Research No. 2 In 1998, Wiederman, M. W. and Hurst, S. R. , conducted a study with 192 young women aged 18 to 21, 89. 6% were White, 7. 8% were Black, and 2. 6% were Latina, all psychology students of Ball State University, Indiana. In this experiment, specific measures were assessed relating to body image and sexuality as follows: (1) relationship status, dating (casually or exclusively) or committed; (2) Sexual experience, actual intercourse or oral stimulation; (3) Sexual esteem or the tendency to evaluate oneself positively as a sexual partner; (5) Attitudinal acceptance of casual sex using; (6) Actual attractiveness measured by a male and a female research assistant; (7) Body mass index (BMI); (8) Body dissatisfaction; (9) Self-rated bodily attractiveness; (10) Appearance orientation on habits related to one’s appearance; and (11) Social avoidance. (Wiederman Hurst, 1998) The results were interesting. Those that are in a relationship (some level of commitment with the opposite sex) were relatively smaller, objectively more attractive, and perceived themselves as having more attractive bodies. Furthermore, slightly more women who are not committed were dissatisfied with their body image. Similarly, those without any form of sexual experience were bigger and objectively less attractive. They also had limited or no initiative to perform oral sex to a male partner. For sexual esteem, those that scored high in self-rated bodily attractiveness had higher sexual esteem and are not intimidated in social activities highlighting one’s appearance. However, for both measures, there is a higher body image dissatisfaction rate on those with high sexual experience and sexual esteem. Thus, the authors concluded that the results of the current study are not definitive. (Wiederman Hurst, 1998) Relationship The simple answer for the question at hand is no: one’s body image is not a definitive factor to determine one’s sexuality. Humans have the power to overcome unpleasant, objectively unacceptable body image to achieve a positive overall self-satisfaction. By doing so, as evidenced in the two experiments, one’s level of sexuality is heightened as well. References Body image. (n. d. ). The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from Answers. com Web site: answers. com/topic/body-image Body image. (n. d. ). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from Answers. com Web site: answers. com/topic/body-image Henderson, K. A. , Hodges, S. , Kivel, B. D. (2002). Context and Dialogue in Research on Women and Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(3), 253+. Retrieved November 14, 2006, from Questia database: questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000812878 Mckay, A. (2000). Effect of Body Image and Self-Image on Womens Sexual Behaviors. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 9(2), 124. Retrieved November 14, 2006, from Questia database: questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001808421 Semiotics of Ideal Beauty. (n. d. ). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from Answers. com Web site: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Semiotics_of_Ideal_Beauty Sexuality. (n. d. ). Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from Answers. com Web site: answers. com/topic/sexuality Sexuality. (n. d. ). The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from Answers. com Web site: answers. com/topic/sexuality Wiederman, M. W. , Hurst, S. R. (1998). Body Size, Physical Attractiveness, and Body Image among Young Adult Women: Relationships to Sexual Experience and Sexual Esteem. The Journal of Sex Research, 35(3), 272+. Retrieved November 14, 2006, from Questia database: questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001369622

Literature review on work plac stress Lab Report

Literature review on work plac stress - Lab Report Example Being one of its pioneer teachers, she has developed a high quality preschool program that has gained recognition in the city. It has attracted several parents to enroll their children in school. Over the years, the preschool’s enrollees have multiplied, much to the satisfaction of the school owners. This rise in student enrollment has likewise raised the demand for more teachers and staff. The school owners and directress have entrusted Kelly with the role of training new teachers with the quality of teaching she is known for. She is likewise head of the Parent Involvement Program of the school. Her many duties at work, on top of preparing for her own preschool class and her homemaker role at home has been taking its toll on Kelly. For the past month, she has complained of recurrent migraines, stomach pains and general body malaise. Generally, stress is what one feels when the demands on his life exceed his ability to meet those demands. The stressor may be external, such as the death of someone close to the individual or a sudden change in activity level. Or, it may be an internal stressor such as an illness. In Kelly’s case, her stressors are: overload of work duties, work-life imbalance, her own personality traits and the personalities of the people she works with. The interplay of stressors and the consistent experience of high amounts in one’s life can often lead to burnout. The term â€Å"burnout† is a relatively new term, first coined in 1974 by Herbert Freudenberger, in his book, â€Å"Burnout: The High Cost of High Achievement†. He originally defined ‘burnout’ as, â€Å"the extinction of motivation or incentive, especially where ones devotion to a cause or relationship fails to produce the desired results.† (Scott, 2007) While burnout is not a recognized clinical psychiatric or psychological disorder, there are some similar features between burnout and diagnosable conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders or

Nuclear plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Rise of Two Operas Essay Example for Free

Rise of Two Operas Essay The Italians and the French have been two prominent figures in the world of opera music. Their music in the field of tragedy has been flourished by history and emerged from different social context and background. Opera traced its roots from Italy. Opera, in its earliest form can be traced from various types of Italian literature. The themes, moods, and subjects of opera can be associated with Italian poetry, drama, and allegory (Kimbell, 1991. p. 19-21). More importantly, opera particularly the opera seria, has originated at the height of the Renaissance period. The Renaissance art were centered on man. It revolved around man’s greatness, man as passionate, and as virtuous. The themes of opera described the life of the Italians as a whole, which is according to Luigi Barzini: The pleasure of Italy comes from living in a world made by man, for man and on man’s measurement (cited in p. 3). A theme deeply embedded in reality. Revolving around this theme, opera became for the sole purpose of entertainment. However as Renaissance became a period for the flow of rising ideologies, the face of opera changed into a moving art combined with philosophy and moral teaching. This aim served the purpose of educating its audience and not just by mere entertainment (Kimbell, 1991. p. 182). It was Apostolo Zeno and Silvio Stampiglia who created operas that were historical in nature. Stampiglia wrote a series of operas relating early Italian history and Zeno’s works have long been distinguished as a combination of moral and scholarship significance (p. 183). The Italian opera seria had not been completely tragic but became more serious. Metastasio offered ‘suspense’ or in Italian ‘sospensione’ in place of tragedy, in which the audience were presented the internal conflicts of the protagonist. Seeing this kind of progression, the French opera scene has its trend going on as well. However, as mentioned from the beginning, opera had its roots originating from Italy. There were no French composers at that time. It was an Italian national who moved to France, named Jean-Baptiste Lully who was said to have popularized opera to the French people (Edwards, 1862. . 14). Origins of French opera may have come from other form of arts such as ballet. Ballet has incorporated music with dramatic dance routines thus making as a basis into recreating a dance that has dramatic dialogues in the form of music (Grouts Williams, 2003. p. 22). Lully gained full monopoly when spreading his music due to his friendship with King Louis XIV. He collaborated with the likes of Quinault to create operas which they called tragedie en musique (Anderson, 2003. p. 3). It is important to note that though it was the time of Rennaisance in Italy, it had been a slow progress for France to grasp the music from other countries. Since Lully gained monopoly for production of operas, the monarchy controlled the flow of music from outside in accordance to Lully’s advice (p. 1). Basing it from here, the themes of the operas that were being played within King Louis XIV’s court still centered on mythical themes rather than on humanism. The plot of tragedy focused on mythical characters and fictional conflicts (Easterling, 1997. p. 136).